The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m (13,980 ft) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m (13,409 ft) by USS Nautilus in 1958. While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert on Ellesmere Island, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole.
The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.
Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. No time zone has been assigned to the North Pole, so any time can be used as the local time. At the North Pole all directions point south all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. It defines geodetic latitude 90° North, as well as the direction of true north. The North Pole is by definition the northernmost point on the Earth, lying antipodally to the South Pole. It is called the True North Pole to distinguish from the Magnetic North Pole. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole, Terrestrial North Pole or 90th Parallel North, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This pressure ridge at the North Pole is about 1 km long, formed between two ice floes of multi-year ice.
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